u 



SCHOOL FURNITURE. 



A TREATISE 



CONSTEUCTION IN COMPLIANCE WITH 
HYGIENIC EEQUIEEMENTS, 



PLATES, DETAILED TABLES, SCALES OF MEASUREMENT, ETC., 

BY THE USE OF WHICH A SINGLE DESK MAY BE SO 

ADJUSTED AS TO SUIT THE REQUIREMENTS 

OF A SCHOLAR OF ANY SIZE. 



y 



By 



G. A. BOBRICK, Civil Engineer, 

FORMERLY OF RUSSIA, AND NOW A RESIDENT OF BOSTON, MASS. 



BOSTON : 

Press of Rockwell and Churchill, 39 Arch Street. 

18 8 7. 



\ 



SCHOOL FURNITURE. 



A TEE AT J SE 



CONSTEUCTION IN COMPLIANCE WITH 
HYGIENIC EEQUIEEMENTS, 



PLATES, DETAILED TABLES, SCALES OF MEASUEEMENT, ETC., 

BY THE USE OF WHICH A SINGLE DESK MAY BE SO 

ADJUSTED AS TO SUIT THE REQUIREMENTS 

OF A SCHOLAR OF ANY SIZE. 



[/ Br 

Gy A. BOBEICK, Civil Engineer, 

FORMERLY OF RUSSIA, AND NOW A RESIDENT OF BOSTON, MASS. 






BOSTON : 

Press of Rockwell and Churchill, 39 Arch Street. 

18 8 7. 






Copyright, 1887. 
Bt G. a. bobrick. 



r 



IP 



r 



SCHOOL FURNITURE. 



A TREATISE ON ITS CONSTRUCTION IN COMPLIANCE 
WITH HYGIENIC EEQUIREMENTS. 



PHYSiciAJiTS have abundantly demonstrated by long- 
continued investigation, involving thousands of cases, 
that round-shoulders, near-sightedness, curvature of the 
spine, difficulty of respiration, distortion of the upper 
part of the body, and other physical irregularities are, 
in most cases, traceable to the use, while the body is 
yet unformed and very susceptible to all external in- 
fluences, of school desks and chairs that are not prop- 
erly adapted to the size and height of the pupil. In 
each class of every school the pupils vary as much in 
stature as they do in intelligence. They are classified 
as to the latter ; but, tall or short, stout or slight, all 
members of the same class are made to occupy desks 
and chairs of the same general make, — too high and 
large for some, too low and small for others ; what 
wonder, then, that the above-mentioned results are of 
common occurrence ! 

It is to awaken the attention of the public to the 
importance of adapting the desk to the height and 



4: SCHOOL rUR^N^ITURE. 

size of the pupil, while offering a means of doing so 
at the least possible expense, that this little treatise is 
prejDared. 

The subject itself has received greater notice abroad 
than in this country ; although, singularly enough, 
it was an American named Bernard who, in 1854, first 
directed attention to the construction of school furniture 
adapted to the varjdng requirements of pupils. 

Soon after that date the doctors and teachers of this 
country, and particularly the scientists of Euroj^e, began 
to give much attention to the subject, and we find in the 
Swiss and German periodicals articles by the following 
eminent writers : Francis Fonk (1854) ; Dr. Schreber, 
of Leipsic, Saxony (1858) ; Dr. Schraube, of Halle, 
Prussia (1859); Lanze, of Brunswick, Germany (1862); 
Dr. Passavan, of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Prussia (1863) ; 
and Freihang, of Leipsic, Saxony (1863). 

It was not, however, until an article by Dr. Farner, 
of Zurich, Switzerland, was published, that the public 
in general awoke to the importance of the subject, and 
began to demand that school furniture should be made 
in compliance with anatomical and physical laws. 

Dr. Farner's article was followed by a great number 
of other writings on the same subject, and among these 
are specially noticeable those of Dr. Hellem, of ]S"euf- 
chatel, Switzerland ; Prof. Meyer, of Zurich, Switzer- 
land ; Dr. Parov, of Berlin, Germany ; Dr. Kon, of 
Leipsic, Saxony ; and Dr. Erisman, of St. Petersburg, 



SCHOOL FUENITUIIE. 5 

the present Professor of Hygiene in the University 
of Moscow, Russia. 

It is to Russia, however, that the honor belongs of 
first taking practical measures for the introduction into 
her schools of appropriate school furniture. 

These measures consisted in first appointing a com- 
mittee of teachers, physicians, hygienists, and architects, 
their chairman being V. P. Kochanowsky, to examine 
into the whole subject and report thereon! 

In their behalf Dr. Erisman, aided by Dr. Farner, 
made a thorough examination into the manner in which 
ill-constructed desks and chairs affect the pupil's health. 

According to Dr. Farner' s theory, a scholar while 
sitting at a desk improperly constructed involuntarily 
assumes a position injurious to his healthy develop- 
ment. The injury is caused during writing and read- 
ing exercises, by the pupil's being obliged to turn his 
head either to the front or to the left while writing, 
and downward while reading. The danger from such 
positions arises from the fact that they remove the 
centre of gravity of the head from its natural point of 
support. When a person sits straight, this centi'e of 
gravity is directly over the spinal column, and the 
head itself is supported and balanced by the muscles 
of the neck. But all this is entirely changed by any 
forward movement, for then the centre of gravity of the 
head moves forward out of its natural position, and the 
head must therefore be supported and balanced by the 



6 SCHOOL FURNITURE. 

help of a strong tension of the muscles of the back 
of the neck. The fatiguing effect of this may be illus- 
trated in the following manner: If a j^erson stretches 
out his arm at an angle of from 45° to 90° from his 
body, so as to have it supported by the deltoid muscle 
alone, he will after a very short time be obliged to let 
his arm drop. To retain such a jiosition longer than 
five minutes is almost impossible. How, then, can it 
be expected that the muscles of the back of a child's 
neck can hold up his head for several hours! 

Taking these facts into consideration, it is easy to 
explain the ill effects produced by improperly con- 
structed desks and chairs. 

When the muscles which support the head become 
tired, the head droops at once into an unnatural posi- 
tion, and the work of supporting it being transferred 
to the upper muscles of the back of the body, they 
distend the ribs from their natural position. This 
tires the body still further, in that it makes a longer 
lever for the head. In course of time all the muscles 
become fatigued, the upper part of the back curves 
more and more, and the pupil, obliged to seek some 
other support for his head, naturally uses for this pur- 
pose one or both of his hands. He may not, indeed, 
complain of his unnatural position so long as he feels 
comfortable, but the ill effects are apparent when 
he leaves his desk and finds it necessary to straighten 
himself. 



SCHOOL FUENITURE. 7 

If we watch a scholar just after his leaving a desk 
unsuited to his height, and in which he has been seated 
for some time, we shall see that he invariably stretches 
himself, as if recovering from a cramp, turning his 
head from side to side, and lifting his arms with evi- 
dent pleasure. While he was seated at the desk a 
struggle was going on between the muscle-power and 
the power of weight; and, as the muscle-power can 
never overcome for any length of time the power of 
weight, such struggle ought • to be avoided by furnish- 
ing a desk that does not necessitate any movement 
of the head, either backward or forward, or cause the 
pupil to lift his shoulders, rest his head on his arms, 
or take any other unnatural position. 

The question, therefore, arose why it was that the 
scholar, in writing or reading, kept his body in motion; 
and it was determined that it was caused by his not 
seeing the end of his pen while writing, and that while 
reading he was obliged to lower his head to see his 
book clearly, — both being due to the fact that the desk 
and chair were not fitted to his height. They decided 
that a desk and chair should be so constructed as 
to have the scholar sit straight, and, accoi'ding to the 
theory and investigation of Prof. Meyer, such a position 
can be obtained only when the centre of gravity of the 
body is supported by the seat, just as the centre of 
gravity of the body is supported by one's feet while 
standing. 



8 SCHOOL FURNITURE. 

A scholar at his desk should neither be crowded in 
his seat, nor have too much space to move about in; 
but he should have just enough to enable him to sit 
comfortably, and also to change his position when 
requisite. 

To correct the defects in school furniture and avoid 
the ill effects that we have alluded to, Dr. Erisman, 
after a long study of the subject, and the measuring 
of a great number of scholars of different heights, 
with the assistance of Dr. Farner, figured out details 
for the construction of desks and chairs suitable for all 
ordinary heights and sizes of pupils, and with special 
reference to the prevention of round shoulders, curved 
spines, near-sightedness, and the other evils before 
specified. 

In the subjoined table are given figures and practical 
details for eight sizes of desks and chairs, changing for 
every 11 centimetres' (4J inches) difference in the height 
of the scholar, beginning with a centimetral height of 
98 (3 ft. 2| in.) and extending it to 186 (6 ft. 1\ in.), 
as appears from Table l^o. 1, and Fig. 1, which 
show that, in practice, each scholar requires during 
the period of his growth eight different sizes of desks 
and chairs. 

Now, in this country very great attention has been 
paid to school furniture; and, if it were simply a ques- 
tion of making eight sizes only of desks and chairs, 
this system would be introduced as soon as known and 



No. 1. — Table showing the Details 
by Drs. Erisman and 



for the Construction of School Desks antl Chairs, of Eight Different Sizes 
Earner, Translated and Beduced to Inches by G. A. Bobrick. ' 



Height of Scholar 



f Fror 
^^■- 1 To . 



rQ S 



CO 

o5 



.0^ 

I 

o 



, „ f For Boys 



C-D 



For Boys 



Girls 



G-D 



For Boys 



Girls 



C-G 



For Boys 



Girls 



f Fc 
H-I 1^ 



For Boys 



Girls 



C-H 



For Boys 



Girls 



E-I 



For Boys 



Girls 



G-E 



F-N 



M-K 



H-L 



Width of Desk 



I. 



98 
109 



51.5 



53.5 



45.5 



47.5 



30.0 



15.5 



17.5 



15.5 



17.5 



17.5 



19.0 



22.5 



24.0 



5.0 



45.0 



10.0 



8.0 



55.0 



381 



201- 



21 



172- 



185 



-l-i4 



"8 



n 



H 



171 



H 



21t 



II. 



109 
120 



56.0 



58.0 



50.0 



52.0 



33.0 



17.0 



19.0 



17.0 



19.0 



19.0 



20.5 



24.0 



25.5 



5.0 



45.0 



10.0 



8.0 



55.0 



47J 



22 



22| 



19& 



20f 



13 



"8 

7^ 



61 



n 



8i 



9^ 



10^ 



17a 



211 



III. 



Cent. 


i». 


120 
131 


51f 


61.0 


24 


63.0 


24| 


55.0 


21f 


57.0 


22| 


36.5 


14| 


18.5 


n 


20.5 


8 


18.5 


7i 
8. 


20.5 


20.5 


8 


22.0 


8| 


25.5 


10 


27.0 


lOf 


5.0 


2 


45.0 


17f 


10.0 


4 


8.0 


3J 



55.0 



211 



IV. 



Cent. In 



131 
142 



68,0 



60.0 



62.0 



40.0 



20.0 



22.0 



20.0 



22.0 



220 



23.5 



27.0 



28,5 



5.0 



45.0 



10.0 



8.0 



55.0 



51| 



26 



26| 



231 



24| 



15| 



7* 



7^ 



91 



lot 



Hi 



17a 



3i 



211 



V. 



Cent. In 



142 
153 



71.5 



73.5 



65.5 



67.5 



44.0 



21.5 



23.5 



21. 



23.5 



23.5 



25.0 



28.5 



30.0 



5.0 



50.0 



12.0 



8.0 



60.0 



601 



281 



26.^ 



173 

J-* 8 



8 a 

°8 



9i 



9i 



92 



lli 



11; 



19fi 



41 



23fi 



VI. 



Cent. In 



153 
164 

76.5 



78.5 



70.5 



72. 



47.5 



23.0 



25.0 



23.0 



25.0 



25.0 



26.5 



30.0 



31.5 



5.0 



50.0 



12.0 



8.0 



60.0 



641 



30^ 



30J 



27| 



181 



Q3 

■•'4 



Q3 

^4 



9# 



10| 



111 



12f 



19| 



23f 



VII. 



Cent. In 



164 
175 

81.5 



83.5 



75.5 



77,5 



51.0 



24.5 



26.5 



24.5 



26.5 



26.5 



28.0 



31.5 



33.0 



5.0 



50.0 



12.0 



8.0 



60.0 



64| 

68^ 



32^ 



293 



30^ 



201 



9# 



101 



•-'8 



lOf 



10| 



11 



1.03 



13 



191 



3^ 



231 



VIII. 



Cent. In 



175 
186 



86.0 



88.0 



80.0 



82.0 



54.0 



26.0 



28.0 



26.0 



28.0 



28.0 



29.5 



33.0 



34.5 



5.0 



50.0 



12.0 



8.0 



60.0 



68i 
73i 



'^^ 



34f 



3U 



321 



2U 



lOi 



11 



lOi 



11 



11 



lit 



13 



131 



191 



231 



SCHOOL rUR:N^ITURE. 9 

appreciated; but another element that must be provided 
for enters into the calculation. 

The entrance of new pupils and the departure of 
old ones cause constant changes in the requirements 
of pupils as to the height of their desks and chairs. 
A school may be fitted at the outset with the proper 
number of desks of the eight different sizes, and yet, 
by reason of the changes alluded to, this outfit may 
soon become very imperfect. In such an emergency 
what should be done? It will not do to let the pupils 
occupy desks unsuited to them, and it is not possible, 
except at great expense, to be continually changing the 
desks or getting new ones. I start from the principle 
that the desk should be made to suit the pupil, not 
the pupil to suit the desk ; and my plan is to make 
the desks and chairs adjustable, so that a single desk 
and chair may do the work of several. I have fol- 
lowed in my plans the designs of Dr. Erisman, which, 
in Europe, are considered the best, and I am now able 
to present a desk and chair which, by various and easy 
adjustments, will fully supply the place of Dr. Erisman 's 
eight different sizes, and for this desk I make the 
following claims : — 

1st. My desk is constructed in the simplest man- 
ner, and with the least mechanism possible, and it 
can, therefore, be manufactured at little expense. 

2d. It is adjustable in all its parts, and each part 



10 SCHOOL rUENITUEE. 

is entirely indeijendent in its adjustment of the other 
parts. It may, therefore, be arranged so as to meet 
the hygienic requirements of every j^upil. 

3d. It is made very strong, and when once adjusted 
it will remain quite as firm and stationary as any 
ordinary non-adjustable desk and chair. 

4th. 1^0 part of my desk and chair can be adjusted 
without the use of a wrench or a screw-driver; 
and, therefore, when the desk or chair is adjusted, 
it will stand in the position given it for an indefinite 
time, and all fear of annoyance from its being altered 
by the pupil is dispelled. 

The accompanying cuts, with a brief description, 
will illustrate my desk and chair, and the plan on 
which they have been constructed. 

Fig. 1 represents an outline sketch of the eight 
desks and chairs of different sizes recommended by 
Drs. En's man and Fanner. 

Fig. 2 shows how the desk and chair, though 
built in one size, can be adjusted to accommodate 
scholars of all heights. A is the standard or support 
of the desk, and A^ that of the chair. They are so 
connected as to be adjusted toward or fi-om each 
other. B is the upper part of the desk, in which the 
books are kept. This part, by means of a screw, O, 
provided with nuts, can be adjusted as shown in 

dotted lines, Z), i)\ D^ D^, so as to fit a scholar 

of any height between 3 ft. 2§ in. and 6 ft. IJ in. 




FIC.I. 





FIC 3 




FIC.4^. 



SCHOOL FURNITURE. 11 

E is the seat of the chair, which, by means of the 
screw F, can be vertically adjusted to any point, as 

shown in dotted lines, E, E^, JE'^ E^, and horizontally 

as the screw F, is shown in the dotted lines F, F^, 
F'^ F'^. The back-rest, G, is also adjustable horizon- 
tally, as shown in H, H^, H^, and vertically, as shown 

in O, Q' G\ 

Fig. 5 is a section of the desk and chair as rep- 
resented in the model. 

The parts of the desk and cliair which it is necessary to change 
relatively to each other in order to accommodate scholars of different 
sizes will be designated throughout the following description of my 
invention by the letters of reference which are affixed to the 
accompanying drawings. 

a represents the standard of the desk, which is preferably 
made of metal, and is provided with a sufficient number of feet to 
insure a firm support on the floor. The feet are preferably secured 
to the floor by screws, to render the desk more rigid and to prevent 
its being moved. The precise form of the standard a is obviously 
immaterial. The central portion of the standard a is provided with 
a hole or socket, which receives the threaded shank b, on which the 
upper portion or body of the desk is supported. On the shank h 
the nuts c are placed, one above and one below the ujjper portion 
of the standard a. By screwing these nuts firnjly against the 
standard the shank h is prevented from being screwed up or down, 
and the desk is ke]>t at a fixed height. This screw-shank permits 
of the vertical adjustment of the desk to suit scholars of different 
sizes. On the upper end of the shank h is secured the support c?, 
on which the body e of the desk rests, and to which it is secured 



12 SCHOOL rURNITURE. 

by screws or otherwise. The body of the desk may be of wood 
or metal, and is constructed in the usual form with a lid, /y^, 
hinged to the horizontal top a, to permit of the lid being raised 
when desired. The lid is also hinged near the middle, as shown 
at A, in order that the lower part, f^, of the lid may be turned 
back, when desired, into the position shown in dotted lines, and 
may thereby be used as a rack or sujDport for the book, as in 
reading or singing exercises. To aid in supporting the book on 
this rack, a rest, i, is secured thereto, as shown ; and to hold the 
rack in its upturned position a link, j\ is provided at either end 
of the lid, one end of the link being pivoted to the upper 
portion, f, thereof, and the slotted end being secured to the 
lower portion, f^, by means of a set-screw. By loosening the 
set-scrcAv the part f^ may be raised to any desired position, and 
retained in said position by tightening the screw. The link j also 
serves to give rigidity to the lid ff^, and to prevent the part f^ 
from falling on to the part f in case the lid is raised to a vertical 
position. 

It is desirable to raise the lid ff- to the horizontal position 
shown in dotted lines in the drawings when the desk is to be 
used as a drawing-table. To hold the lid in this horizontal posi- 
tion I provide the ai'ms k, pivoted to the inside of the ends 
of the desk, and adapted to be raised into the position shown 
in dotted lines, said arms having broad-bearing surfaces at their 
free ends. When in this position these arms form a broad and 
secure support for both parts of the lid. As an additional sup- 
port for the hinged lid ff^, and to enable it to be held in any 
raised position, as well above the horizontal as below it, I pro- 
vide a projection, I, which is secured by screws or otherwise to 
the lid f, and to this projection I pivot a slotted link, m, which 



SCHOOL rUKNITURE. 13 

slides on a set-screw, n, set inside the end of the desk. When 
the set-screw n is loose, the lid may be raised to any point de- 
sired, and by setting in the screw, clamping the link securely, 
the lid is retained in its raised position. 

At the rear of the desk and close to the floor a projection, o, 
is constructed inward, so as to receive a threaded shank, p, 
projecting from the lower part of the standard r of the chair ; 
by means of check-nuts, or a set-screw, or side link, in pro- 
jection o, the chair can be adjusted toward or from the 
desk. 

The chair-standard r is similar to the desk-standard in form 
and construction, and the spindle or shank t, which supports 
the seat, is threaded and provided with check-nuts, it, which, 
when screwed against the cross-piece of the standard r, pre- 
vents the vertical adjustment of the seat in the same manner as 
do the check-nuts c on the shank b of the desk. It is neces- 
sary, however, to provide for the adjustment of the seat hori- 
zontally with reference to its distance from the desk. To do 
this the standard r of the seat is slotted at v, and the shank t 
passes through the slots, so that by loosening the nuts u the 
seat may be slid toward or from the desk, so that the seat 
may not only be adjusted vertically by means of the screw- 
shank, but also horizontally by reason of the slot v, through 
which the shank passes. When the seat-standard r has been 
moved away from the desk by means described, the back of the 
seat, as also the standard, is moved to the position required for 
a larger scholar ; but the seat proper is too far from the desk, 
and so requires to be moved nearer thereto, which may be 
done, as above described, by loosening the check-nuts u and 
moving the shank t in the slot v. 



14 SCHOOL FURNITURE. 

In desks of all sizes the edge of the lid ff^-, when down, 
should project over the seat a? about five centimetres (two 
inches), that is, a vertical line (^C-G) from the edge of the desk 
would pass through the seat five centimetres (two inches) back 
from (jE') the front edge of the seat. The upper end of the 
shank t is provided with a piece, w, to which the seat x is se- 
cured, the piece w being similar in form to tlie piece d, to 
which the desk-body is secured. 

In order to provide an adjustable back the back-rest y is 
mounted on a supporting-rod, z, the rest y being provided with 
a screw-threaded shank, which projects through a vertical slot in 
the upper end of the rod s, as shown. The shank a' is screw- 
threaded and provided with a check-nut, by means of which 
the rest may be clamped and retained at any point in the slot.' 
To permit of the back-rest y being raised higher in the slot 
than the rod would permit, the rod itself is constructed in two 
pieces, the ends of which are made to overlap, as shown at 6', 
and provided wdth pins, c', which project through slots in the 
overlapping ends of the portions of the rod, and which are 
provided with check-nuts, as shown, by which when the rod is 
extended it may be securely clamped in its extended position. 
The entire adjustability of the back might be gained by means 
of the slot in its upper portion, provided the height of the rod 
were sufficiently increased. If, however, the rod were made 
longer, its upper end would project above the desks when they 
were adjusted for small scholars, and would obstruct the vision 
of those in the rear of the room. The rod z is pivoted to an 
arm, cV, projecting from the lower part of the standard r of the 
seat, and has a vertical slot through which the pin e' projects. 
The pin e' is secured to an arm, f, projecting from the 



SCHOOL FURNITURE. 15 

standard r, and is provided inside the rod z; by means of 
check-nuts or set-screws, the back-rest y is adjusted nearer to 
or farther from the seat. 

To sum up, my desk and chair are so constructed as to 
present the following advantages : — 

1st. The desk is adjustable vertically to suit any • 
height of a scholar from 3 ft. 2| in. to 6 ft. IJ in. 

2d. The mclined lid, //^ of the desk can be firmly 
set in a horizontal position, so as to form a drawing- 
table. 

3d. The part f^ of the lid / f^ can be raised and set 
firmly at any angle, so as to be in accordance with the 
extent of the pupil's vision. 

4th. The chair is adjustable horizontally, and can be 
set at any distance from the desk. 

5th. The seat^is also adjustable horizontally, inde- 
pendent of its standard or support. Such an adjust- 
ment permits the line C-Q to be 5 centimetres (2 
inches) from the point ^, or edge of the seat. 

6th. The seat can be adjusted vertically to any re- 
quired height that is in proportion to the desk. 

7th. The back-rest is adjustable vertically, and also 
horizontally, the latter adjustment being independent 
of the vertical one. Such a hoi'izontal adjustment per- 
mits the shaping of the back-rest so as to make the 
desk suitable for girls, who, on account of their form 
and clothing, need more space between the desk and 
back-rest. 



16 SCHOOL FURNITURE. 

Fig. 4 is a section of an adjustable desk and chair, 
slightly diflferent in construction, but on the same prin- 
ciple. As shown, the desk and chair are secured firmly 
to the floor. To permit horizontal adjustment I provide 
•a slotted link, a, which slides on the piece &, and by 
means of screws, with nuts c c on both sides, it can be 
* firmly secuied to the piece h after the horizontal adjust- 
ment has been made. The pins d d serve to hold the 
slotted link a in a perfectly horizontal position. 

The back-rest e, by means of the set-screw /, can be 
adjusted vertically and independent of its horizontal 
adjustment. 

To regulate the adjustments of the desk and chair to 
the varying heights and sizes of pupils I present the fol- 
lowing table, which may be implicitly relied on: — 



SCHOOL fur:n^ituiie. 



17 



Letters A-B, G-D, etc., refer to dis- 
tances between points marked by 
similar letters, on Figs. 1, 3, and 4. 







18 SCHOOL FURNITURE. 

As " Seeing is believing," I invite particular attention 
to Figs. 5, 6, and 7. They are photographs from life of 
different persons seated at the same desk, but adjusted 
differently for each occupant. 

Fig. 5 represents a boy 3 ft. 2 in. high seated at my 
desk, Avith the desk and chair adjusted to correspond 
to his height. 

Fig. 6 represents a boy 4 ft. 4 in. in height in a 
reading position and occupying the same desk, but with 
the desk and chair now adjusted to correspond to this 
second height. 

Fig. 7 represents a man 5 ft. 6J in. high in a 
draughting position and occupying the same desk and 
chair, but again differently adjusted to correspond to 
his greater height. 

It is my hope that my desk and chair, in making 
which I have endeavored to embody the results of much 
foreign study, and to adapt it to the wants of the people 
of the United States, will be thoroughly examined and 
tested; and I shall be pleased to listen to any remarks 
or objections that may be offered on the subject. My 
desire is to make my work as complete as possible, 
and any advice that may be offered will be fully 
appreciated. 

All communications on the subject may be addressed to 

G. A. BO BRICK, 

9 Montrose st., off Warren st. 

Boston Highlands, Mass. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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002 555 142 4 # 



